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Visualizing the Three Different Types of Inflation

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Types of Inflation
Types of Inflation
Types of Inflation
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Types of Inlfation

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Visualizing Three Types of Inflation

Inflation is dominating the news as prices hit 40-year highs.

While the price of everyday goods, including food and energy, is the most widely cited type of inflation, other forms exist across the broader economic system.

In this Markets in a Minute from New York Life Investments, we chart three types of inflation and the macroeconomic factors that influence each type.

1. Monetary Inflation

Monetary inflation occurs when the U.S. money supply increases over time. This represents both physical and digital money circulating in the economy including cash, checking accounts, and money market mutual funds.

The U.S. central bank typically influences the money supply by printing money, buying bonds, or changing bank reserve requirements. The central bank controls the money supply in order to boost the economy or tame inflation and keep prices stable.

Between 2020-2021, the money supply increased roughly 25%—a historic record—in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Since then, the Federal Reserve began tapering its bond purchases as the economy showed signs of strength.

YearMoney SupplyAnnual Percent Change
2022*$21.7T0.9%
2021$21.5T12.6%
2020$19.1T24.8%
2019$15.3T6.3%
2018$14.4T3.6%
2017$13.9T5.3%
2016$13.2T7.3%
2015$12.3T5.1%
2014$11.7T6.4%
2013$11.0T4.8%
2012$10.5T8.2%
2011$9.7T10.2%
2010$8.8T6.0%
2009$8.3T1.2%
2008$8.2T9.3%
2007$7.5T5.6%
2006$7.1T6.0%
2005$6.7T4.7%
2004$6.4T4.9%
2003$6.1T5.2%
2002$5.8T7.4%
2001$5.4T10.2%
2000$4.9T6.5%
1999$4.6T4.5%
1998$4.4T10.0%
1997$4.0T5.3%
1996$3.8T5.6%
1995$3.6T2.9%
1994$3.5T0.0%
1993$3.5T2.9%
1992$3.4T0.0%
1991$3.4T3.0%
1990$3.3T3.1%
1989$3.2T6.7%
1988$3.0T7.1%
1987$2.8T3.7%
1986$2.7T8.0%
1985$2.5T8.7%
1984$2.3T9.5%
1983$2.1T10.5%
1982$1.9T5.6%
1981$1.8T12.5%
1980$1.6T14.3%
1979$1.4T0.0%
1978$1.4T7.7%
1977$1.3T8.3%
1976$1.2T20.0%
1975$1.0T-99.9%
1974$902B5.4%
1973$856B6.7%
1972$802B13.0%
1971$710B13.2%
1970$627B6.6%

Indicated by the M2 Money Stock.
*Data as of April 2022.

It’s worth noting that, in theory, increasing the money supply faster than the growth in real output may cause consumer price inflation, especially if the velocity of money (speed at which money exchanges hands) is high. The reason is that there is more money chasing the same number of goods, and this eventually leads to increases in prices.

2. Consumer Price Inflation

Consumer price inflation occurs when the prices of goods and services increase. It is typically measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which shows the average price increase of a basket of goods, such as food, clothing, and housing.

Supply chain issues, geopolitical events, monetary supply, and consumer demand may all affect consumer price inflation.

Rising 8.6% in May year-over-year, the CPI hit its highest level in four decades. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and COVID-19 have caused extensive disruption in supply chains, from oil to wheat, leading to increased price pressures worldwide.

YearCPI Annual Percent Change
2022*8.6%
20214.7%
20201.2%
20191.8%
20182.4%
20172.1%
20161.3%
20150.1%
20141.6%
20131.5%
20122.1%
20113.2%
20101.6%
2009-0.4%
20083.8%
20072.9%
20063.2%
20053.4%
20042.7%
20032.3%
20021.6%
20012.8%
20003.4%
19992.2%
19981.6%
19972.3%
19962.9%
19952.8%
19942.6%
19933.0%
19923.0%
19914.2%
19905.4%
19894.8%
19884.1%
19873.7%
19861.9%
19853.5%
19844.3%
19833.2%
19826.1%
198110.3%
198013.5%
197911.3%
19787.6%
19776.5%
19765.7%
19759.1%
197411.1%
19736.2%
19723.3%
19714.3%
19705.8%
19695.5%
19684.3%
19672.8%
19663.0%
19651.6%
19641.3%
19631.2%
19621.2%
19611.1%
19601.5%
19591.0%
19582.7%
19573.3%
19561.5%
1955-0.3%
19540.3%
19530.8%
19522.3%
19517.9%
19501.1%
1949-1.0%
19487.7%
194714.4%
19468.5%
19452.3%
19441.6%
19436.0%
194210.9%
19415.1%
19400.7%
1939-1.3%
1938-2.0%
19373.7%
19361.0%
19352.6%
19343.5%
1933-5.2%
1932-10.3%
1931-8.9%
1930-2.7%

*Data for 2022 shows the year-over-year change from May 2021 to May 2022.

When consumer price inflation gets too heated, the central bank may increase interest rates to curtail spending and allow prices to cool down.

3. Asset-Price Inflation

Finally, asset-price inflation represents the price increase of stocks, bonds, real estate, and other financial assets over time. While there are a number of ways to show asset-price inflation, we will use household net worth as a percentage of GDP.

Often, a low interest rate climate creates a favorable environment for asset prices. This can be seen over the last decade as low borrowing costs were met with rising asset prices and strong investor confidence. In 2021, household net worth as a percentage of GDP stood at 620%.

YearU.S. Interest Rate Household Net Worth
as a % of GDP
20210.1%620%
20200.1%510%
20191.6%520%
20182.4%520%
20171.3%510%
20160.6%490%
20150.2%490%
20140.1%480%
20130.1%450%
20120.1%430%
20110.0%440%
20100.1%430%
20090.1%410%
20080.1%460%
20073.1%490%
20065.2%480%
20054.1%460%
20042.0%450%
20030.9%410%
20021.2%430%
20011.5%420%
20005.4%440%
19994.0%420%
19984.1%420%
19975.8%390%
19966.3%390%
19954.7%370%
19944.9%380%
19932.9%380%
19922.7%380%
19914.1%380%
19905.5%380%
19898.0%370%
19889.0%370%
19876.9%380%
198614.4%360%
198513.5%340%
19848.7%340%
19839.9%360%
198211.2%350%
198113.1%340%
198022.0%330%
197914.8%330%
197810.8%330%
19776.5%330%
19764.2%330%
19755.4%340%
19743.9%340%
19739.8%360%
19725.5%360%
19713.0%360%
19703.0%350%
19695.0%360%
19684.0%350%
19674.5%360%
19665.0%350%
19654.6%370%
19644.0%370%
19633.3%380%
19623.0%380%
19612.5%390%
19603.0%370%
19594.0%380%
19582.4%390%
19573.0%370%
19563.0%370%
19552.5%360%

Interest rates indicated by the Effective Federal Funds Rate

Sometimes rising asset prices can be a misleading sign of a strengthening economy since no real output is produced. Instead, this may indicate an asset bubble.

How the Types of Inflation Impact You

With monetary inflation, businesses and consumers have more money at their disposal, which could then boost demand and further increase inflation in the overall economy.

However, the degree that this impacts consumer price inflation can be unclear. Over the last decade, the money supply ballooned but consumer price inflation stayed relatively stable. Instead, supply shocks seen with COVID-19 and the invasion of Ukraine have had a more immediate effect. The effect of this scarcity in goods has made prices more sensitive to demand. This can be seen with gasoline prices at record highs.

When it comes to asset price inflation, a significant increase to the monetary supply and low interest rates are likely factors behind rising asset prices, among other variables. Yet as the Federal Reserve takes a more hawkish stance on monetary policy, the future of asset price inflation remains to be seen.

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Markets in a Minute

How Small Investments Make a Big Impact Over Time

Compound interest is a powerful force in building wealth. Here’s how it impacts even the most modest portfolio over the long-term.

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This bar chart shows the power of compound interest and regular contributions over time.

How Small Investments Make a Big Impact Over Time

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Time is an investor’s biggest ally, even if they start with just a modest portfolio.

The reason behind this is compounding interest, of course, thanks to its ability to magnify returns as interest earns interest on itself. With a fortune of $159 billion, Warren Buffett largely credits compound interest as a vital ingredient to his success—describing it like a snowball collecting snow as it rolls down a very long hill.

This graphic shows how compound interest can dramatically impact the value of an investor’s portfolio over longer periods of time, based on data from Investor.gov.

Why Compound Interest is a Powerful Force

Below, we show how investing $100 each month, with a 10% annual return starting at the age of 25 can generate outsized returns by simply staying the course:

AgeTotal ContributionsInterestPortfolio Value
25$1,300$10$1,310
30$7,300$2,136$9,436
35$13,300$9,223$22,523
40$19,300$24,299$43,599
45$25,300$52,243$77,543
50$31,300$100,910$132,210
55$37,300$182,952$220,252
60$43,300$318,743$362,043
65$49,300$541,101$590,401
70$55,300$902,872$958,172
75$61,300$1,489,172$1,550,472

Portfolio value is at end of each time period. All time periods are five years except for the first year (Age 25) which includes a $100 initial contribution. Interest is computed annually.

As we can see, the portfolio grows at a relatively slow pace over the first five years.

But as the portfolio continues to grow, the interest earned begins to exceed the contributions in under 15 years. That’s because interest is earned not only on the total contributions but on the accumulated interest itself. So by the age of 40, the total contributions are valued at $19,300 while the interest earned soars to $24,299.

Not only that, the interest earned soars to double the value of the investor’s contributions over the next five years—reaching $52,243 compared to the $25,300 in principal.

By the time the investor is 75, the power of compound interest becomes even more eye-opening. While the investor’s lifetime contributions totaled $61,300, the interest earned ballooned to 25 times that value, reaching $1,489,172.

In this way, it shows that investing consistently over time can benefit investors who stick it through stock market ups and downs.

The Two Key Ingredients to Growing Money

Generally speaking, building wealth involves two key pillars: time and rate of return.

Below, we show how these key factors can impact portfolios based on varying time horizons using a hypothetical example. Importantly, just a small difference in returns can make a huge impact on a portfolio’s end value:

Annual ReturnPortfolio Value
25 Year Investment Horizon
Portfolio Value
75 Year Investment Horizon
5%$57,611$911,868
8%$88,412$4,835,188
12%$161,701$49,611,684

With this in mind, it’s important to take into account investment fees which can erode the value of your investments.

Even the difference of 1% in investment fees adds up over time, especially over the long run. Say an investor paid 1% in fees, and had an after-fee return of 9%. If they had a $100 starting investment, contributed monthly over a 25-year time span, their portfolio would be worth over $102,000 at the end of the period.

By comparison, a 10% return would have made over $119,000. In other words, they lost roughly $17,000 on their investment because of fees.

Another important factor to keep in mind is inflation. In order to preserve the value of your portfolio, its important to choose investments that beat inflation, which has historically averaged around 3.3%.

For perspective, since 1974 the S&P 500 has returned 12.5% on average annually (including reinvested dividends), 10-Year U.S. Treasury bonds have returned 6.6%, while real estate has averaged 5.6%. As we can see, each of these have outperformed inflation over longer horizons, with varying degrees of risk and return.

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Markets in a Minute

What Were the Top Performing Investment Themes of 2023?

In 2023, several investment themes outperformed the S&P 500 by a wide margin. Here are the top performers—from blockchain to AI.

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The Top Performing Investment Themes in 2023

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

While the S&P 500 rebounded over 24% in 2023, many investment themes soared even higher.

In many ways, the year was defined by breakthrough announcements in AI and the resurgence of Bitcoin. At the same time, investors looked to nuclear energy ETFs thanks to nuclear’s growing role as a low carbon energy source and the war in Ukraine.

This graphic shows the best performing investment themes last year, based on data from Trackinsight.

Blockchain ETFs Lead the Pack

With 82% returns, blockchain ETFs outperformed all other themes in the U.S. due to the sharp rise in the bitcoin price over the year.

These ETFs hold mainly bitcoin mining firms, since ETFs investing directly in bitcoin were not yet approved by regulators in 2023. However, as of January 2024, U.S. regulators have approved 11 spot bitcoin ETFs for trading, which drew in $10 billion in assets in their first 20 days alone.

Below, we show the top performing themes across U.S. ETFs in 2023:

Theme2023 Performance
Blockchain82%
Next Generation Internet80%
Metaverse59%
FinTech54%
Nuclear Energy50%
Cloud Computing49%
AI/Big Data49%
Gig Economy48%
Digital Infrastructure & Connectivity43%

As we can see, next generation internet ETFs—which include companies focused on the internet of things and new payment methods—also boomed.

Meanwhile, nuclear energy ETFs had a banner year as uranium prices hit 15-year highs. Investor optimism for nuclear power is part of a wider trend of reactivating nuclear power plants globally in the push towards decarbonizing the energy supply. In fact, 63 new reactors across countries including Japan, Türkiye, and China are planned for construction amid higher global demand.

With 49% returns, AI and big data ETFs were another top performing investment theme. Driving these returns were companies like chipmaker Nvidia, whose share price jumped by 239% in 2023 thanks to its technology being fundamental to powering AI models.

Top Investment Themes, by Net Flows

Here are the the investment themes that saw the highest net flows over the year:

Theme2023 Net Flows
Robotics & Automation$1,303M
Nuclear Energy$997M
AI/Big Data$987M
Global Infrastructure$734M
Net Zero 2050$716M
Blockchain$357M
Cannabis & Psychedelics$270M
Emerging Markets Consumer Growth$203M

Overall, ETFs focused on robotics and automation saw the greatest net flows amid wider deployment of these technologies across factories, healthcare, and transportation actvities.

The success of AI large language models over the year is another key factor in powering robotics capabilities. For instance, Microsoft is planning to build a robot powered by ChatGPT that provides it with higher context awareness of certain tasks.

Like robotics and automation, AI and big data, along with blockchain ETFs attracted high inflows.

Interestingly, ETFs surrounding emerging markets consumer growth saw strong inflows thanks to an expanding middle class across countries like India and China spurring potential growth opportunities. In 2024, 113 million people are projected to join the global middle class, seen mainly across countries in Asia.

Will Current Trends Continue in 2024?

So far, many of these investment themes have continued to see positive momentum including blockchain and next generation internet ETFs.

In many cases, these investment themes cover broad, underlying trends that have the potential to reshape sectors and industries. Going further, select investment themes have often defined each decade thanks to factors like technological disruption, geopolitics, and the economic environment.

While several factors could impact their performance—such as a global downturn or a second wave of inflation—it remains to be seen if investor demand will carry through the year and beyond.

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