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Mapped: Global GDP Forecasts for 2021 and Beyond

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How to use: Arrows on side navigate maps with global GDP changes in 2020, 2021p, and 2022p

IMF GDP Growth 2020
IMF GDP Forecasts 2021
IMF GDP Forecasts 2022
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This infographic is available as a poster.

Mapped: Global GDP Forecasts for 2021 and Beyond

In the April 2021 version of its Global Economic Outlook, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reiterated its expectations of a strong economic recovery over the next few years.

Economists acknowledged that, while the path of the pandemic remains uncertain, global vaccine rollouts represent the light at the end of the tunnel. As a result, global GDP growth forecasts for 2021 and 2022 sit at +6.0% and +4.4% respectively.

In this Markets in a Minute chart from New York Life Investments, we’ve mapped the IMF’s country-level GDP forecasts to see which areas are expected to have the greatest rebounds.

Country-level Data

The following table lists each country’s percentage GDP change for 2020, as well as forecasts for 2021 and 2022.

Jurisdiction2020 GDP Growth (%)2021 GDP Growth Forecasts (%)2022 GDP Growth Forecasts (%)
Afghanistan-5.04.04.5
Albania-3.55.04.0
Algeria-6.02.92.8
Angola-4.00.42.4
Antigua and Barbuda-17.3-3.011.9
Argentina-10.05.82.5
Armenia-7.61.03.5
Aruba-25.55.012.0
Australia-2.44.52.8
Austria-6.63.54.0
Azerbaijan-4.32.31.7
Bahrain-5.43.33.1
Bangladesh3.85.07.5
Barbados-17.64.17.7
Belarus-0.9-0.40.8
Belgium-6.44.03.1
Belize-14.11.96.4
Benin2.05.06.0
Bhutan-0.8-1.95.7
Bolivia-7.75.54.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina-5.53.53.3
Botswana-8.37.55.4
Brazil-4.13.72.6
Brunei Darussalam1.21.62.5
Bulgaria-3.84.44.4
Burkina Faso0.84.35.2
Burundi-1.32.83.7
Cabo Verde-145.86.0
Cambodia-3.54.26.0
Cameroon-2.83.44.3
Canada-5.45.04.7
Central African Republic03.55.0
Chad-0.91.82.6
Chile-5.86.23.8
China2.38.45.6
Colombia-6.85.23.6
Comoros-0.503.6
Costa Rica-4.82.63.3
Côte d'Ivoire2.36.06.5
Croatia-9.04.75.0
Cyprus-5.13.03.9
Czech Republic-5.64.24.3
Democratic Republic of the Congo-0.13.84.9
Denmark-3.32.82.9
Djibouti-1.05.05.5
Dominica-10.4-0.45.8
Dominican Republic-6.75.55.0
Ecuador-7.52.51.3
Egypt3.62.55.7
El Salvador-8.64.22.8
Equatorial Guinea-5.84.0-5.9
Eritrea-0.62.04.9
Estonia-2.93.44.2
Eswatini-3.31.40.9
Ethiopia6.12.08.7
Fiji-19.05.09.0
Finland-2.92.32.5
France-8.25.84.2
Gabon-1.81.22.7
Georgia-6.13.55.8
Germany-4.93.63.4
Ghana0.94.66.1
Greece-8.23.85.0
Grenada-13.5-1.55.2
Guatemala-1.54.54.0
Guinea5.25.65.2
Guinea-Bissau-2.43.04.0
Guyana43.416.446.5
Haiti-3.71.01.0
Honduras-8.04.53.3
Hong Kong SAR-6.14.33.8
Hungary-5.04.35.9
Iceland-6.63.73.6
India-8.012.56.9
Indonesia-2.14.35.8
Iraq-10.91.14.4
Ireland2.54.24.8
Islamic Republic of Iran1.52.52.1
Israel-2.45.04.3
Italy-8.94.23.6
Jamaica-10.21.55.7
Japan-4.83.32.5
Jordan-2.02.02.7
Kazakhstan-2.63.24.0
Kenya-0.17.65.7
Kiribati-0.51.82.5
Korea-1.03.62.8
Kosovo-6.04.55.5
Kuwait-8.10.73.2
Kyrgyz Republic-8.06.04.6
Lao P.D.R.-0.44.65.6
Latvia-3.63.95.2
Lebanon-25n/an/a
Lesotho-4.53.54.3
Liberia-3.03.64.7
Libya-59.71315.4
Lithuania-0.83.23.2
Luxembourg-1.34.13.6
Macao SAR-56.361.243.0
Madagascar-4.23.25.0
Malawi0.62.26.5
Malaysia-5.66.56.0
Maldives-32.218.913.4
Mali-2.04.06.0
Malta-7.04.75.6
Marshall Islands-3.3-1.53.5
Mauritania-2.23.15.6
Mauritius-15.86.65.2
Mexico-8.25.03.0
Micronesia-1.6-3.72.8
Moldova-7.54.54.0
Mongolia-5.35.07.5
Montenegro-15.29.05.5
Morocco-7.04.53.9
Mozambique-0.52.14.7
Myanmar3.2-8.91.4
Namibia-7.22.63.3
Nauru0.71.60.9
Nepal-1.92.94.2
Netherlands-3.83.53.0
New Zealand-3.04.03.2
Nicaragua-3.00.22.7
Niger1.26.912.8
Nigeria-1.82.52.3
North Macedonia-4.53.84.0
Norway-0.83.94.0
Oman-6.41.87.4
Pakistan-0.41.54.0
Palau-10.3-10.810.4
Panama-17.912.05.0
Papua New Guinea-3.93.54.2
Paraguay-0.94.04.0
Peru-11.18.55.2
Philippines-9.56.96.5
Poland-2.73.54.5
Portugal-7.63.94.8
Puerto Rico-7.52.50.7
Qatar-2.62.43.6
Republic of Congo-7.80.21.0
Romania-3.96.04.8
Russia-3.13.83.8
Rwanda-0.25.76.8
Samoa-3.2-7.81.7
San Marino-9.74.53.4
São Tomé and Príncipe-6.53.05.0
Saudi Arabia-4.12.94.0
Senegal0.85.26.0
Serbia-1.05.04.5
Seychelles-13.41.84.3
Sierra Leone-2.23.03.6
Singapore-5.45.23.2
Slovak Republic-5.24.74.5
Slovenia-5.53.74.5
Solomon Islands-4.31.54.5
Somalia-1.52.93.2
South Africa-73.12.0
South Sudan-6.65.36.5
Spain-11.06.44.7
Sri Lanka-3.64.04.1
St. Kitts and Nevis-18.7-2.010.0
St. Lucia-18.93.110.7
St. Vincent and the Grenadines-4.2-0.14.9
Sudan-3.60.41.1
Suriname-13.50.71.5
Sweden-2.83.13.0
Switzerland-3.03.52.8
Syrian/an/an/a
Taiwan Province of China3.14.73.0
Tajikistan4.55.04.5
Tanzania1.02.74.6
Thailand-6.12.65.6
The Bahamas-16.32.08.5
The Gambia06.06.5
Timor-Leste-6.82.84.9
Togo0.73.54.5
Tonga-0.5-2.52.5
Trinidad and Tobago-7.82.14.1
Tunisia-8.83.82.4
Turkey1.86.03.5
Turkmenistan0.84.63.9
Tuvalu0.52.53.5
Uganda-2.16.35.0
Ukraine-4.24.03.4
United Arab Emirates-5.93.12.6
United Kingdom-9.95.35.1
United States-3.56.43.5
Uruguay-5.73.03.1
Uzbekistan1.65.05.3
Vanuatu-9.23.24.6
Venezuela-30.0-10.0-5.0
Vietnam2.96.57.2
West Bank and Gaza-11.05.77.0
Yemen-5.00.52.5
Zambia-3.50.61.1
Zimbabwe-8.03.14.0

Just 27 countries saw positive GDP growth in 2020, including a cluster of Asian economies that includes China, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Although the virus originated in China, the country’s strict lockdowns enabled it to flatten the infection curve relatively quick. As a result, Asia’s biggest economy returned to pre-COVID GDP levels in 2020—something most others aren’t expected to do until 2023.

Forecasts for 2021 are very positive, with the vast majority of countries expected to bounce back economically. Within advanced economies, the U.S. is expected to be a strong performer. The IMF believes that the Biden administration’s new fiscal package, valued at $1.9 trillion, will provide a strong boost to growth.

Looking further to 2022, the IMF expects GDP growth to remain positive around the world. Many European economies will experience positive GDP growth above 3%, including France (+4.2%), Germany (+3.4%), and Spain (+4.7%). The European Central Bank (ECB) has relied on expansionary monetary policy to stimulate its economy during the pandemic, growing its balance sheet by over $2 trillion since February 2020.

Uncertainty Remains, Despite Vaccine Rollouts

Given the unpredictable nature of COVID-19 and its many variants, the GDP forecasts visualized in the above maps should not be interpreted as concrete figures.

India, which was forecasted to grow its GDP by 12.5% in 2021, is now facing the world’s worst surge of COVID-19, fueled in part by the emerging B1617 variant that many are dubbing a “double mutation”.

“We completely let down our guard and assumed in January that the pandemic was over.”
– K. Srinath Reddy, President, Public Health Foundation of India

It remains to be seen if India’s second outbreak will significantly impact its economy, or even the economies of other countries. This situation does, however, serve as a reminder that the virus can still surprise us.

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Markets in a Minute

What is the Success Rate of Actively Managed Funds?

For actively managed funds, the odds of beating the market over the long run are like finding a needle in a haystack.

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Actively Managed Funds

What is the Success Rate of Actively Managed Funds?

Over a 20-year period, 95% of large-cap actively managed funds have underperformed their benchmark.

The above graphic shows the performance of actively managed funds across a range of fund types, using data from S&P Global via Charlie Bilello.

Missing the Mark: Actively Managed Funds

Several factors present headwinds to actively managed funds.

  • Trading costs: First, fund managers will trade more often than passive funds. These in turn incur costs, impacting returns.
  • Cash holdings: Additionally, many of these funds hold a cash allocation of about 5% or more to capture market opportunities. Unlike active funds, their passive counterparts are often fully invested. Cash holdings can have the opposite effect than intended—dragging on overall returns.
  • Fees: Active funds can charge up to 1-2% in investment manager fees while funds that tracked an index passively charged just 0.12% on average in 2022. These additional costs add up over time.

Below, we show how active funds increasingly underperform against their benchmark over each time period.

Fund Type1 Year
% Underperformed
5 Year
% Underperformed
10 Year
% Underperformed
20 Year
% Underperformed
All Large-Cap 51879195
All Small-Cap 57718994
Large-Cap Growth 74869698
Large-Cap Value 59698587
Small-Cap Growth 80598597
Small-Cap Value 41819192
Real Estate 88627487

As we can see, 51% of all large-cap active mutual funds underperformed in a one-year period. That compares to 41% of small-cap value funds, which had the best chance of outperforming the benchmark annually. Also, an eye-opening 88% of real estate funds underperformed.

For context, Warren Buffett’s firm Berkshire Hathaway has beat the S&P 500 two-thirds of the time. Even the world’s top stock pickers have a hard time beating the market’s returns.

2020 Market Crash: A Case Study

How about active funds’ performance during a crisis?

While the case for actively managed funds is often stronger during a market downturn, a 2020 study shows how they continued to underperform the index.

Overall, 74% of over 3,600 active funds with $4.9 trillion in assets did worse than the S&P 500 during the 2020 market plunge.

Stage of 2020 CycleTime Period% Underperforming S&P 500
CrisisFeb 20 - Apr 30, 202074.2
CrashFeb 20 - Mar 23, 202063.5
RecoveryMar 24 - Apr 30, 202055.8
Pre-CrisisOct 1 2019 - Jan 31, 202067.1

Source: NBER

In better news, roughly half underperformed through the recovery, the best out of any market condition that was studied.

The Bigger Impact

Of course, some actively managed funds outperform.

Still, choosing the top funds year after year can be challenging. Also note that active fund managers typically only run a portfolio for four and a half years on average before someone new takes over, making it difficult to stick with a star manager for very long.

As lower returns accumulate over time, the impact of investing in active mutual funds can be striking. If an investor had a $100,000 portfolio and paid 2% in costs every year for 25 years, they would lose about $170,000 to fees if it earned 6% annually.

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Markets in a Minute

Ranked: The Largest Bond Markets in the World

The global bond market stands at $133 trillion in value. Here are the major players in bond markets worldwide.

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The Largest Bond Markets in the World

The Largest Bond Markets in the World

In 2022, the global bond market totaled $133 trillion.

As one of the world’s largest capital markets, debt securities have grown sevenfold over the last 40 years. Fueling this growth are government and corporate debt sales across major economies and emerging markets. Over the last three years, China’s bond market has grown 13% annually.

Based on estimates from the Bank for International Statements, this graphic shows the largest bond markets in the world.

ℹ️ Total debt numbers here include both domestic and international debt securities in each particular country or region. BIS notes that international debt securities are issued outside the local market of the country where the borrower resides and cover eurobonds as well as foreign bonds, but exclude negotiable loans.

Ranked: The World’s Top Bond Markets

Valued at over $51 trillion, the U.S. has the largest bond market globally.

Government bonds made up the majority of its debt market, with over $26 trillion in securities outstanding. In 2022, the Federal government paid $534 billion in interest on this debt.

China is second, at 16% of the global total. Local commercial banks hold the greatest share of its outstanding bonds, while foreign ownership remains fairly low. Foreign interest in China’s bonds slowed in 2022 amid geopolitical tensions in Ukraine and lower yields.

Bond Market RankCountry / RegionTotal Debt OutstandingShare of Total Bond Market
1🇺🇸 U.S.$51.3T39%
2🇨🇳 China$20.9T16%
3🇯🇵 Japan$11.0T8%
4🇫🇷 France$4.4T3%
5🇬🇧 United Kingdom$4.3T3%
6🇨🇦 Canada$4.0T3%
7🇩🇪 Germany$3.7T3%
8🇮🇹 Italy$2.9T2%
9🇰🇾 Cayman Islands*$2.7T2%
10🇧🇷 Brazil*$2.4T2%
11🇰🇷 South Korea*$2.2T2%
12🇦🇺 Australia$2.2T2%
13🇳🇱 Netherlands$1.9T1%
14🇪🇸 Spain$1.9T1%
15🇮🇳 India*$1.3T1%
16🇮🇪 Ireland$1.0T1%
17🇲🇽 Mexico*$1.0T1%
18🇱🇺 Luxembourg$0.9T1%
19🇧🇪 Belgium$0.7T>1%
20🇷🇺 Russia*$0.7T>1%

*Represent countries where total debt securities were not reported by national authorities. These figures are the sum of domestic debt securities reported by national authorities and/or international debt securities compiled by BIS.
Data as of Q3 2022.

As the above table shows, Japan has the third biggest debt market. Japan’s central bank owns a massive share of its government bonds. Central bank ownership hit a record 50% as it tweaked its yield curve control policy that was introduced in 2016. The policy was designed to help boost inflation and prevent interest rates from falling. As inflation began to rise in 2022 and bond investors began selling, it had to increase its yield to spur demand and liquidity. The adjustment sent shockwaves through financial markets.

In Europe, France is home to the largest bond market at $4.4 trillion in total debt, surpassing the United Kingdom by roughly $150 billion.

Banks: A Major Buyer in Bond Markets

Like central banks around the world, commercial banks are key players in bond markets.

In fact, commercial banks are among the top three buyers of U.S. government debt. This is because commercial banks will reinvest client deposits into interest-bearing securities. These often include U.S. Treasuries, which are highly liquid and one of the safest assets globally.

As we can see in the chart below, the banking sector often surpasses an economy’s total GDP.

Banking Sector

As interest rates have risen sharply since 2022, the price of bonds has been pushed down, given their inverse relationship. This has raised questions about what type of bonds banks hold.

In the U.S., commercial banks hold $4.2 trillion in Treasury bonds and other government securities. For large U.S. banks, these holdings account for almost 24% of assets on average. They make up an average 15% of assets for small banks in 2023. Since mid-2022, small banks have reduced their bond holdings due to interest rate increases.

As higher rates reverberate across the banking system and wider economy, it may expose further strains on global bond markets which have expanded rapidly in an era of dovish monetary policy and ultra-low interest rates.

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